Symbolism By Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter

Symbolism; the use of symbols to represent something abstract by something concrete. It can be powerful in a novel when used correctly. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is a prime example of Symbolism being used creatively in a work.This is what Hyatt H. Waggoner has to say about the Hawthornes creativity.† But in between the surface and the depths movement is constant and complex, and it is in this middle that the principal value of the work lies.†(Waggoner 73)What Waggoner is talking about is the Symbolism that is used by Hawthorne. Hawthorne s symbolism is complex and creative.When symbolism is used there must always be symbols. Symbols can take many forms and three of these forms are, places, things, and people. Hawthorne uses these forms of symbols in his novel. The three symbols I will highlight are; the scaffold, the scarlet letter and Reverend Dimmesdale. To give background, The Scarlet Letter takes place in colonial Boston where the separation of c hurch and state is not yet in place. Hester Prynne is a normal puritan woman and is sentenced to wear a scarlet letter â€Å"A† on her bosom for the remainder of her life. This is because she was sentenced with adultery after having sexual relations with Reverend Dimmesdale, while being married to her husband, Roger Chillingworth. Hester Prynne will not tell Roger Chillingworth who she had relations with, but he is determined to find Hester Prynne’s lover. Later in the story, Reverend Dimmesdale becomes ill and RogerShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter882 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter was a novel written in the 1850 s by a man named Nathaniel Hawthorne. Throughout the Scarlet Letter he uses scads of literary devices. The literary devices are there to give the novel more depth. The main device he uses in the novel is symbolism. Hawthorne uses the symbolism to make an object have more than one meaning. Three of the elements he uses as symbols are the scarlet letter, Pearl, and the forest. These symbols are seen differently by theRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdraft Topic: Symbolism of the Scarlet letter â€Å"A† In The Scarlet letter the author Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrates the use of symbolism in the book, especially the scarlet letter â€Å"A.† Symbolism is defined as a figure of speech used for an object, or a word to represent something else in literature. The Scarlet letter â€Å"A† had a change of meaning throughout the novel. In the inception of the book it is known as a symbol of Adultery. As the book continues the scarlet letter is looked at differentlyRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1159 Words   |  5 PagesSymbolism in the Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter written by Nathaniel Hawthorne is known to have a lot of symbolism. Symbolism is a way to convey ideas and give a book a deeper meaning to readers. While there are many symbols in the Scarlet Letter, there are a few that stand out more than others. Pearl, Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth are all main characters that have symbols. Hawthorne symbols are used to help readers relate to the story. In order to really comprehend the book the readerRead MoreSymbolism, Use Of Color, And Themes Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1657 Words   |  7 PagesSymbolism, Use of Color, and Themes in The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter is regarded as the first symbolic novel in American Literature for Nathaniel Hawthorne s skillful use of symbolism and allegory. The novel is also said to be the greatest accomplishment of American short story and is viewed as the first American psychological novel, which makes Hawthorne win an incomparable position in American Literature. Hawthorne’s â€Å"unique gift† for using this kind of skills taps into the roots of manRead MoreSymbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter And The Minister s Black Veil 1083 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Rojas Ms. Bacon English IV H 11/3/15 Many dark romantics use symbolism to support the themes in their stories. The themes represented by these symbols tend to represent sin and evil. Like many of his writing counterparts, Nathaniel Hawthorne extensively uses symbolism in several of his major works to explore sin and human nature. The Scarlett Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister s Black Veil† are all vivid examples of this exploration and are the focus of this analysis. BeforeRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning. Symbolism occurs in everyday ordinary life. One of the most recognizable stories that contain symbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’sRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1187 Words   |  5 PagesPuritanism in Red Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter shows the early view of Puritanism by concentrating on sin, guilt, and its effects on society. Nathaniel Hawthorne conveyed a dark and romantic style of writing in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, impacting the society by focusing on the concepts of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter is considered a classic book and is still read today. Nathaniel Hathorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts on July 4, 1804. He was the son of Nathaniel and Elizabeth ClarkRead MoreABy Major Characters In The Scarlet Letter1202 Words   |  5 PagesInterpretation of the ‘A’ by Major Characters in The Scarlet Letter People have different cultures and experiences throughout their lives; therefore, they all have different perspectives of the same object. Various authors use different perspectives of people to make objects mean different based on how people approach it. Not only the readers see the object in different ways, but also the characters in the story. The Scarlet Letter uses various symbolism such as ‘A , rosebush, the forest and more whichRead More Scarlet Critique Essay870 Words   |  4 Pages The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in 1850. It was based on the Puritans of the 1600s, which were revived in Hawthornes era. Hawthorne descended from Puritan heritage and harbored a sense of guilt and hatred for their way of life. He used many themes and literary techniques in The Scarlet Letter including symbolism and irony. He emphasized the individuals role in the community and the role of women in society. Hawthorne used romanticism as opposed to the classical correctnessRead MoreThe Theme Of Guilt In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne935 Words   |  4 Pagesa very famous author, Nathaniel Hawthorne mostly wrote about the puritans in colonial America. Even though the puritan religion died soon after the Salem Witch Trials, Hawthorne is obsessed with their society and writes a lot about the 1600’s. The Scarlet Letter is also based around the puritan community in the 1600’s. While it is not known whether this novel is based on a true story or not it still captures the attention of many readers. The story contains a lot of symbolism that is hidden and encourages

An Intercultural Comparison of Family Trends Free Essays

Overview of how the concept of family is changing with the demands of modern society. This essay will look at two specific areas related to family, the age at which it is considered appropriate to start a family and the role of parents and children within a typical family. Section 1 – The ideal age to start a family Comparison of what age it is considered appropriate to start a family. We will write a custom essay sample on An Intercultural Comparison of Family Trends or any similar topic only for you Order Now Analysis of findings – It seems to be more acceptable for a couple to live together for a long period of time out of marriage in Britain. The younger generation in modern society seem to require more time to find a stable career path or even to find their own identity and know what they want to get out of life. Section 2 – The role of parents and children within a family Comparison of family roles inside and outside of the household – In both cultures it seems that women are increasingly pursuing full-time careers and taking responsibility for earning money to support the family, meaning the father must take more responsibility at home and spend more time with the children. Parents in Britain seem to have less influence over their child’s choice of university course and career. Analysis of findings – Strong Confucian family values vs post-enlightenment lack of values. Modern technology means children are able to find out about the world without relying completely on parental knowledge and experience. Conclusion Although this essay has only dealt with the issue superficially, it is clear that both the age at which it is considered appropriate to start a family and the roles of the parents and the children within a typical family differ across cultures. People around the world can gain new perspectives on family and help build healthy and fulfilling relationships through an intercultural exchange of ideas. How to cite An Intercultural Comparison of Family Trends, Essays

Kyresha LeFever Essay Example For Students

Kyresha LeFever Essay I.D. #000497782 History 1610October 6, 2003In Cheikh Hamidou Kanes novel, Ambiguous Adventure he addresses manyproblems. Such as the cultural and social choices that Africans facedduring the colonial era, how education played a major role in the Europeancolonization area. The one that is most surprising is the role of the MostRoyal Lady. She is highly respected by everyone, including the male leadersin the Diallo family. But her role is very unusual, she is a woman andwomen of this time had no place in a leadership position. More and more women are rising to the leadership challenge, even in some ofthe most male-dominated industries. The increase in the number of womenattending university, in the workplace or starting their own business hasdemonstrated to men who own businesses that women can be both managers andmothers, thus showing their male counterpart that women can in fact do itall. This paper will show the history of women, as well as the challengesthey face. In conjunction with the Most Royal Lady in Kanes novel, theleadership styles of women will also be discussed. A number of events have occurred over the last twenty-five years or sothat have resulted in the rise of the female in the work-for-pay world. Beginning in the mid-1970s, women began going to business school andearning their Masters of Business Administration and, as a result,building on that education and gaining work experience. The days of the oneincome family are over. Females need to be armed with a university orcollege degree to be a contributor to this centurys model of the familyunit and in this time of education inflation, the demand for highereducation is growing at a staggering rate. In the corporate sector, thegeneration of women who entered the corporate world two to three decadesago have blazed the trail now followed by ever-growing numbers of women. Just as in Kanes novel, women whom hold leadership positions will behighly respected. While women continue to make progressive strides toward equality, fewhave risen to the highest positions-leading companies to the newmillennium. Fortunately, women can now demand equal treatment in theirrespective organizations as a result of the aforementioned changes inhistory. Many women in African culture still have set backs, and are unableto demand equal treatment. There is a vast amount of evidence that womentend to occupy less powerful, lower paid and lower status organizationalpositions than men. These divisions not only occur vertically, but on ahorizontal scale as well. Women who seek to enter management levelpositions fight against stereotypes, discrimination, and myths, not tomention the fight to balance work and family. They have also beenoverwhelmed by unfamiliar products, skeptical clients or customers, guytalk, a scarcity of female associates and little or no empathy. SheilaWellington, President of Catalyst, a non-profit organization for theadvancement of women to co rporate and professional leadership, said in aspeech on October 23, 1996 to the Economic Club of Detroit in DetroitMichigan:Let me be clear, I believe that most obstacles to womens advancementto the top are not intentional, they are a result of unexamined assumptionsabout womens career interestsand of policies and practices that have existed unquestioned over time inthe corporate culture. With real commitment to change, the situationis remediable. (,)Perhaps, the glass ceiling that women are under is not the intent oftheir male counterparts. I believe that it is the socialization of men andwomen in our society that has lead to this imbalance in the work force. THE 12 STEP APPROACH TO ALCOHOL ABUSE-DEPENDENCY, EssayReciprocity is key in executing effective leadership. Women focus alot of their energy and time in maintaining and building relationships withthe people around them. Reciprocity is one of the components of building arelationship, reciprocity also leads to predictability and stability inrelationships, which can keep both relationships and negotiations frombreaking down. Reciprocity is described as having the willingness to becooperative and an unwillingness to be taken advantage of. To foster collaboration encompasses what women leaders are. Thesharing of information and resources is, again, like second nature towomen. This is through their socialization. That is not to say that allwomen possess these characteristics, but it is based on the majoritythrough studies and extensive research. Building trusting relationships isthe embodiment of the female psyche. Without trust in the people aroundthem, their effectiveness as a leader, employee, wife, mother or friend isnon-existent. Women strive for trust in the people they connect with ondaily basis and they strive to be trusted. Trust is at the heart offostering collaboration. Its the central issue in human relationshipswithin and outside the organization. It is a universal fact that women are exemplary listeners. It is thekey in understanding the people you work with. To understand what isimportant to them is crucial to a successful business relationship. To knowwhat an employee needs to feel fulfilled and to work to capacity, superiorlistening and communication skill are necessary. Celebrating accomplishments are also a fundamental practice in leadership. As mentioned previously, women are more likely to celebrate accomplishmentsand provide immediate praise to successful subordinates, unlike their malecounterparts. Women are drawn to creating social support networks. Onceagain, womens socialization comes to the forefront. Females are taught byexample that to be happy and fulfilled you need your own little supportnetwork made up of friends and family. When women have problems or needadvice they immediately call upon their network for assistance. Unlike men,who by nature, tend to withdraw and put the decision making process solelyon their own shoulders. Although women do possess many of the characteristics of effectiveleaders, they are not prone to lead by example. As Kane shows the MostRoyal Lady is a leader and well respected in that position. Due to theclash in the scheduling of work and their personal lives, women are tornbetween being a driven leader and being an effective leader in the home. But, again, gender is not always the determining factor in leadershipcapabilities. There are exceptions to each of the rules outlined withinthis paper. It is important to take note that there are male leaders thatpossess each of these qualities and are superior leaders. Alternatively,there are men and women who possess little or few of these characteristicsand have still risen to the top of their ranks in terms of leadership styleand capability.

Tornado Essays - Tornado, Storm, Wind, Thunderstorm, Funnel Cloud

Tornado A tornado is a violent windstorm usually characterized by a twisting, funnel shaped cloud that is caused by a thunderstorm or a hurricane. It is produced when a cool air mass meets a warm air mass and forces the warm air mass to rise over the cool air mass very rapidly. Most of the damage from a tornado is a result of high wind velocity and wind blown debris. Most tornadoes occur during the months of March through August, but they can occur during any time of the year. They also seem to strike in the afternoon to the evening. What you should do and know You should know all key terms that are used to describe tornado threats. 1. Tornado Watch- This means that tornadoes are possible and you should stay tuned to a radio station for more reports. 2. Tornado Warning- A tornado has been sighted and you should take shelter immediately. 3. Severe Thunderstorm Watch- Severe thunderstorms are possible and they may bring a tornado. 4. Severe Thunderstorm Warning- A severe thunderstorm is here and a tornado may be present. 5. You should know the country and terrain in which you live. This is used in identifying the location of a tornado. 6. You should know the places you can seek shelter such as a cabin or rest area. 7. Practice doing this before you head out into the wilderness. 8. You should have emergency supplies on hand such as: Flashlight with extra batteries Portable battery operated radio with extra batteries First aid kit with all supplies and manual Emergency food and water Nonelectric can opener All essential medicines Money Sturdy, good shoes 9. Make an inventory of all your possessions and take pictures of them so if they are lost they you can replace them. Tornado Danger Signs Large hail Calmness before the tornado hits Cloud of debris Funnel cloud Roaring noise Calmness and clear skies after the tornado What to do during a tornado watch 1. Listen to your radio for the latest weather updates. 2. Be alert for an approaching storm so you can get ready and gather your emergency disaster materials up. If you see a funnel cloud call your local emergency number to report it if you can. 3. Be ready to take shelter. What to do during a tornado if you are outside If possible get inside a building If there is no shelter nearby or there is no time to get indoors, lie down in a ditch or a low-lying area with your hands shielding your head. Be aware of flooding in the low lying area or ditch. What you should do after the tornado Help any injured or trapped people Give first aid if it is necessary and do not move any seriouly injured victims unless they are in jeopardy of more injuries. Call for help Turn on your radio to get the latest information Use a telephone if you have one to make any emergency calls Did you know this... Tornadoes can be nearly invisible and only marked by swirling debris at the base of the funnel. On average the U.S. experiences about 100,000 thunderstorms a year and out of those about 1,000 tornadoes develop. Although tornadoes can occur throughout the world the U.S. has the most and most devastating ones. Tornadoes produce the most violent winds in the world. Tornado winds can be as high as 300 miles per hour, travel distances over 100 miles and reach heights of over 60,000 feet above the ground. In 1988 121 tornadoes struck 15 south central states. This resulted in 14 deaths and damages reaching $108 million.

Sampoong Disaster research paper Essays

Sampoong Disaster research paper Essays Sampoong Disaster research paper Essay Sampoong Disaster research paper Essay There have always been extreme groups of people who wish to do harm to others, and this certainly inflicted a great deal of harm to the citizens of Seoul. It also bore some telltale characteristics of terrorist attacks, such as the fact that there was no obvious cause of the collapse. An internal explosion, perhaps from a terrorist bomb, would have accounted for why the building fell, but upon investigation, it was revealed that there were only small fires fueled by gasoline from cars in the parking garage as opposed to the huge infernos that usually accompany bomb blasts. Sampson) Also, the debris from the structure fell straight down instead of outward, like an explosion would have caused, so a terrorist attack was quickly ruled out. (Superstore Collapse) With this news, investigators would need to look to the structure itself for answers. The building was constructed in the late sasss and was completed in 1989. (Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) It was originally planned to be an office building, but late in construction, the owners opted to change their structure into a department store-a fact that would later prove to be vital to the case. Superstore Collapse) The building was built on an old landfill site, so the integrity of the foundation was obviously suspect to failure, but after in depth testing, it was revealed that the alluding had a solid foundation that remained in place and did not fail. (Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) Investigators began to research into the history of the structure, which they learned had originally been planned as office space. The sasss were booming for South Korea. Their economy was rapidly growing, and Seoul was to host the 1988 Olympic Games. (Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) The combination of these two factors led to a boom in construction in the late sasss (the era that the Sampson Department Store was constructed) that was too great for the builders of Seoul to Andre, and since international construction firms were not allowed to sign contracts, the firms in Seoul were overloaded and as a result, many buildings had cut corners and were less than desirable. Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) to build the entire office building, but after Sampson executives proposed drastic changes in the plans, the situation was complicated. The owners of the building decided they wanted to change the building into a department store, which meant they would need escalators on each floor. This meant cutting into the main columns supporting the structure. On top of this, they wanted to add a fifth floor to house a skating ring, to which the Housing crew refused, saying that the building wouldnt support the changes. Superstore Collapse) They were fired and an in house construction company was hired to finish the Job. They carried out the changes, and accidentally MIS-aligned the columns on the fifth floor with the columns below, so instead of the weight being shifted straight down the columns and into the ground, the weight was shifted across the 5th floor and down to the fourth floor columns. (Superstore Collapse) The building was changed to a department store, with awakened columns and the added load of a fifth floor. Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) On top of this, Sampson executives changed their minds again later, changing the top floor into 8 traditional Korean restaurants instead of a skating ring. Since Korean tradition is to eat on the floor, the floor had to be thickened by 4 feet to allow for heavy heating elements, which pushed the building dangerously close to its limit. (Superstore Collapse) The faults were adding up and pointed to a general disregard for building codes and safety, but there was still no definite answer for what caused the collapse until a reengineering discovery was made. Three 1 5-ton air conditioning units on the roof (which was of insufficient width to hold that much weight) (Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) had been re-positioned some 2 years earlier. Standard practice would have been to hire professionals with expensive cranes to lift the units, and gently set them down into their new positions, but in order to cut costs, they were placed on rollers and dragged across the roof. (Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) This caused an enormous amount of weight to shift across the whole roof, causing tress, fractures and huge visible cracks throughout the concrete slab. Mclean, Anderson, Petersen, Del voice) After vibrations from the badly placed air conditioning units caused the cracks to widen over the years, the building finally reached its breaking point on that tragic day. The Sampson building had been planned as office space, but late in construction, executives decided to change the building into a department store. After firing Housing Construction for refusing to carry out the changes, an in house construction company was hired. The columns were weakened to allow for escalators, ND the columns added to the slab above the 4th floor were not aligned with the columns below. The heaviest floor in the building was added on top of these MIS- aligned columns, and on the roof, the heavy air conditioning units. After they were dragged across the insufficient roof, huge fractures in the slab should have warned Sampson executives that they had a problem, but instead of taking action, they simply ignored the huge structural flaw for 2 years. For 2 years, every time the air conditioning units turned on, workers reported feeling the whole building vibrate; Hess vibrations caused the cracks in the roof and 5th floor slab to widen around the MIS-aligned columns. Oases coming from the upper levels of the building, but he took no action. Workers reported huge cracks in the fifth floor slab that had formed overnight and the sagging ceiling that morning, but instead of closing the whole building, only sections of the fifth floor were closed. (Superstore Collapse) A meeting was held behind closed doors between the building owner, the structural engineer who oversaw const ruction of the building and the store manager. Superstore Collapse) The engineer urged the en to close the store immediately for urgent repairs, as he believed the building was in danger of collapse, but the men ignored his warnings (although they themselves were allowed to go home early after that meeting). A few hours later, at about 5:50 p. M. , a powerful showplace shook the whole building. Workers sounded alarms to evacuate the building, but by now it was too late. At 5:57 p. M. The roof around the air conditioning units gave way, and the air conditioning units crashed down onto the already overloaded and weakened 5th floor. This caused each floor to pancake down onto the floor beneath it, and in 20 seconds, the building had gone from a 5-story superstore to a pile of rubble with almost 1 500 people trapped inside. This event shook South Korea to the core, where intensive building code modifications were made. It was discovered that 14% of Korean buildings were unsafe, while 84% needed repair work. Only 2% of the buildings in Korea were up to par with the new building codes. The Sampson Department Store was only one of the 14% of the buildings in Korea that were unsafe at the time, and this event brought that into the publics eye.

Overview

On August 18, 2015, longtime Subway pitchman Jared Fogle was arrested under a child pornography investigation. Quick to respond, Subway communicated to press via public comment and Twitter on their stance. Hours after the arrest, Subway made public its separation from Fogle and its disgust and lack of knowledge of the crimes committed. Because of their quick response, while they were directly tied to Fogle, most of the negative response was placed on Fogle and not Subway. Moving forward, Subway is testing a new rebranding campaign in Australia that focuses on products, rather than a pitchman. Company History: In 1965, a 17-year-old medical school student, Fred DeLuca, opened up a submarine sandwich shop in Connecticut on a $1,000 loan from a friend. By 1982, the chain had opened up its 300th location. In 1984, the Subway sandwich chain was introduced overseas and by 1990, there were more than 5,000 locations. Today, Subway has the most sandwich restaurants in the world at 37,000 locations (3). Known for their freshly baked bread and healthy options, Subway restaurants are located in schools, malls, gas stations, airports and even zoos. In 1995, the Subway began its journey towards becoming a major supporter of motorsports. In 1996, www.subway.com was launched and was featured multiple times in the movie â€Å"Happy Gilmore† (3). In 1999, an article was written about an overweight college student who lost a large amount of weight eating nothing but Subway sandwiches Death Is The Final Stage Of An Individual Existence Death is considered a dreaded word. Death is the final stage of an individual’s existence. Death is a word that makes people uncomfortable. The word death is something no one desire to think about, prepare for or discuss. But death is inescapable, unavoidable, and inevitable all humankind will experience death as part of their destiny. Therefore, each has the responsibility of addressing the issues that maybe related to a decline in their physical and mental function status, which render them incapable of making their life decisions. This paper will address what I consider the â€Å"good life† or a life worth living and what issues that constitute a life, when I am no longer able perform the activities that make my life worth living. Finally, the things that would not make my life worth living. My life is considered a â€Å"good life† because I am capable of making decisions related to my health and general welfare. I am independent in activities of daily living. My general health is good, and I am not in constant excruciating pain. I can participate in social functions in the church and community. I possess the full capability of my five senses. I have my full faculty. My life has meaning and worth because I can read my Bible and commune with the Word of God. I am considered physically and mentally fit. My existence depends on God and myself. My life is good because I am independent in all avenues of life. Life to me is rendered not worth living when I unable to perform Marxism: 1984 by George Orwell Marxism In the Novel 1984 Throughout time, rulers and controlling governments have used the ideas of Marxism to take and maintain control over the working class. Even today ideas such as classism and commodification are used in countries such as North Korea and Syria to help governments rule over their citizens. In George Orwell’s 1984 the ideas of Marxism are used to oppress proletariats. The Party tricks the citizens of Oceania into thinking that their propaganda benefits the working class, classism is used as a means of allowing the Party and its associates more power and control than the average citizen, and people under the Party’s rule are commoditized physically and psychologically so as to not questions their totalitarian In an era where everyone is so concerned about the money, denying a defendant a reasonable amount of funding (to his public defender) for expert consultants and their testimonies could save thousands upon millions of dollars in wrongful prosecution lawsuits later. With the advent of DNA, many previously convicted men and women are being let out. Interestingly enough, DNA evidence isn 't the ONLY thing that would have exonerated them, but no one would listen. One issue I think Grisham was trying to help people see is the fact that we should not believe what we THINK, it has to be what we KNOW. What is the harm in humane treatment? Yes, criminals should be kept from the public, but since the justice system is not perfect and will make mistakes they shouldn 't be so self-righteous about their treatment of those they deem unworthy. Ron 's example was just one of many who, because they are not the smartest, most capable souls, they make stupid mistakes, their odd behaviors offend many and they are the first ones put under a microscope when something goes wrong. In light of recent events, the shooting at Sandy Hook elementary school, multiple bomb and shooting threats since then, as well as other crimes (NYC subway system) people tend to react in a negative way toward people they feel are a threat. IF they are odd or quirky, for example, I recently read that in New York, right after Sandy Hook, a local politician made the

The Role of Religion in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Essay

The Role of Religion in the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Essay Example The researcher states that in the Americas, the European masters claimed that it was through Christianity that the African slaves would be compliant to their rule but the unkind treatment of the slaves which led to many deaths illustrates how religion was used to justify the economic interests of the traders and the consequences of the trade. This paper gives a critical analysis of the role of religion in the development of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in relation to the capture, domestication, and control of the African slaves from Africa to the Americas. Transatlantic Slave Trade The Trans-Atlantic slave trade took place from the 16th to the 19th centuries across the Atlantic Ocean. Slaves from the west and central Africa were traded between Africans and slave traders from Europe. The European then shipped the slaves across the Atlantic to South and North America. In the Americas, the slaves were forced to work in the British colonies. The slavery involved forced labor in the pla ntation of tobacco, coffee, cotton, cocoa, and sugar. Moreover, the slaves were forced to work in silver and gold mines. Some slaves also worked as servants while others toiled in the construction industry and rice fields. The British, Portuguese, Americans, the Dutch, the Spanish and the French were involved in the slave trade. The local tribal leaders in the West and Central Africa sold the slaves to the slave traders. The beginning of the trans-Atlantic slave trade was motivated by religious factors. The influence of Bartolome de las Casas, who was a Spanish missionary of the Catholic Church led to the replacement of the Amerindians in America's labor force with Africans. When Christopher Columbus arrived in the west, he encountered the Amerindians who were the natives in the Americas. The Amerindians provided hard labor in the western plantation. The settlement of the Spanish in this area was motivated by the need to find gold. The determination of the Spanish led to forced labo r on the Amerindians in search of gold. Many Amerindians died as a result of the harsh treatment in the forced labor. However, most of the Amerindians died out of the attack of epidemic diseases. The significant reduction in the number of Amerindians and the disputed harsh treatment of the Amerindians is what gave birth to the transatlantic trade because Africans were targeted as the replacement of the Amerindians as slave workers in the Americas. The Role of Religion The Trans-Atlantic trade is known for the inhumane treatment of slaves and the forced labor which they were forced to provide in the Americas. The happenings during the trade are usually referred as the conquest of the Americas. This conquest led to a great loss of human life and destruction of African cultures. Religion played a significant role in this trade as illustrated by the different religious backgrounds of the slave traders in the transatlantic slave trade. The European for example entered Africa as a way of spreading the Christian religion to the local people. On the other hand, the Muslim Arabs who were involved in the slave trade were motivated by the need to convert as many people as possible to the Islamic religion.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 29

Case Study Example Hiring a new worker, training them, and ensuring that they perform better than the previous employee is very expensive and time-consuming (Shaer 6). 2. Even if the underperforming employee is fired and a replacement is brought in, there is no guarantee that the new employee will perform better and the manager might be forced to again fire the new employee and find a replacement (Shaer 8). Such a trend will prove detrimental to the company’s progress. Once the manager decides to give an underperforming employee the chance to redeem themselves and reach an acceptable performance, the former is forced to come up with a counseling strategy. According to Shaer, counseling involves setting goals and objectives for the employee, then advising and coaching them on how to achieve the set goals (25). During the counseling process, the manager should remember to: 2. Clearly explain to the employee the areas in which they are failing and make them understand exactly what is expected of them. It may be that although the employee is productive, they lack certain personality traits that are vital to good performance (Shaer 35). 3. Assure the employee of continuous support from the management throughout the performance improvement period. Support from the manager makes the employee feel important to the company and increases their motivation to perform better. In most cases, underperforming employees do not realize that they are underperforming until they are given a bad review or fired. These employees believe that their performance is good and consider the bad review or firing as unfair by rationalizing that: 1. Their performance is not bad but rather find fault in the methods used to measure performance. According to Shaer, such employees demand to be evaluated using different criteria other than the normal criteria used in the company (29). 2. Although their performance might be bad, the underperforming employees see no need

A Summer with My Aunt Essay Example for Free

A Summer with My Aunt Essay I, of course, was not used to spending any amount of money because my parents were doing well enough to keep my sister and me in school, so the idea of having leisurely money was a new concept which I craved. As a child I admired this woman for many reasons and wanted to be like her. I wanted to live in a nice neighborhood with a big house, I wanted to drive a beautiful white shiny car and wear new clothes, I wanted to be strong and healthy , but most of all I wanted to be successful like she was. So I spent my days in school preparing for college so that someday I would be able to be like her. Things changed, though, when I moved down to Texas for two months to take care of her nine month old son, Luke; as it turns out Gretchen Decker was and is not as happy with her life as I thought she was. At the beginning of the summer I had agreed to fly out to California to take my grandma’s place as a helping hand for my aunt. Gretchen had just married her third husband, Chris, two years prior and had recently become pregnant. My whole family was rather concerned with this matter because my aunt was now in her forties; when complications started arising my grandmother put her own life on hold to focus her attention on her daughter. When the time came, though, it was my turn to help my aunt. I left my job, friends, summer activities, and leisurely time to fly out to California and take care of my cousin. Plans were interrupted by my aunt’s job, though, when she received recent news of a promotion that would land her in the Dallas metropolis. I, of course, did not mind because either way I would be able to finally get to know this woman I so aspired to be like, and at the same time I would be able to visit with my aunt Trudy. So at the end of the summer I packed up my bags and my dad, sister, and I drove down to Texas. The house was gorgeous with a huge entry way and vaulted ceilings and a large open-concept kitchen and living room. The rooms were not very large but they were a decent size, close to a large bathroom. There was no furniture yet because it was still being moved from California and sadly we’d have to live without it for a couple more weeks. It was a great neighborhood, though, quiet and clean but most importantly, safe; this was the house my mother and father were working so hard for. The city was also very established with great schools and big malls, another thing I, myself, had always wanted. The next day I met Luke and was shocked by his appearance. He was a gorgeous baby but his weight brought up a bit of a concern for me. Luke was only nine months old and weighed 30 pounds; the first though in my mind was, â€Å"why is she feeding him so much? † but I held my tongue and asked, â€Å"So, what does he eat? † My aunt replied saying, â€Å"well he has five bottles a day and two to three solid meals a day. † Another thought, â€Å"holy crap,† then I said, â€Å"Wow, he’s big. † She laughed and said, â€Å"Yeah he’s definitely not starving. She may have found it funny but I found it odd that this child was the size of a two year old and was barely able to move. I walked over to the refrigerator next and poured myself a glass of water. As I drank, I stared at a picture of my aunt and Chris. They were running side by side concentrating on the goal ahead, when suddenly Luke laughed and my attention was turned to the other side o f the room. My sister, Darian, was playing with Luke and showing him how to use his toys. My aunt smiled at the sight and said, † Darian, I love this little guy so much. It’s amazing. I’ve never loved anyone or anything this much. † My sister immediately asked, â€Å"Don’t you love Chris? † The pause in-between the question surprised me, but finally she answered, â€Å"well†¦ yes but I just love Luke so much. † She continued to answer the question by saying that Chris was a good companion and that’s why she married him. Later I would learn my aunt â€Å" just liked to be married† and that is what led me to believe my aunt didn’t care about love as much as she did her job, because she went into a marriage thinking like a business woman rather that a girl in love. To me this also meant she just didn’t want to be alone. A week went by and the moving was done and I was left alone with my aunt. She was struggling to get used to things at her new job and ii could tell she was under much stress. So I did everything I could think of to take a load off her back like doing the laundry, cooking, cleaning and making sure Luke was in a good mood for her when she came home. No matter what I did though my aunt began to become increasingly frustrated with her job. She would leave the house around six-thirty every day and come back around six and continue to do work after Luke went to bed. She would always tell me she wished she could spent more time with Luke but that wouldn’t be able to happen because Chris was playing â€Å" peter pan† in Afghanistan. Every day it was the same thing: â€Å"Chris is peter pan,† â€Å"I wish I didn’t have to be the main provider† but the fact of the matter is that my aunt makes around 104 thousand dollars a year and Chris makes around 84 thousand. I was becoming very frustrated with my aunt’s complaints because my family of four had loved off 30 thousand for quite some time and managed to survive, so why couldn’t she live off 84? The answer to my question was very upsetting. She said, â€Å"Well that’s Missouri and Missouri isn’t the real world. † How dare she belittle my parents’ hard work! They both worked day and night trying to provide a better life for my sister and I and this is how she sees their work? I didn’t even get to see my parents a lot of the time because one of them was always at work, and here my aunt sat in a huge house with a nice neighborhood, with a beautiful baby and a handsome husband and money so much that she didn’t even know what to do with it, trying to tell me how terrible her life was. I kept my mouth closed because it was not my place to tell her these thoughts but more and more I became disappointed in my aunt. Why could she not be thankful and content with what she had? Her favorite subject of complaint was her husband; mostly, because he didn’t make enough money for her to stay at home but she also accused him of trying to avoid her and Luke because he didn’t wasn’t to take any responsibility. She thought this because he was going to stay in a deployable unit but at the same time the reason he was doing that was for an education opportunity. There was no pleasing her, though; even the fact that Chris wanted to be the provider did not appease her. She had made a comment to me about how she would â€Å"Find Luke a new daddy† if she had to. This made me sick to my stomach that she would say such a thing but I guess that is what happens when you marry someone just because you â€Å" like to be married. † Marriage is not like playing house it is a gift God has given us to become one with another person you love. Everything I admired my aunt for pretty much washed away because of my experience this summer and I will not go back to live with her again. She will sit in her big house in a nice neighborhood, with a husband she dislikes, a job that makes good money, and rot because she does not know how to be content. That’s what I really want is to marry a man I love, give him beautiful children, and work at a job that I absolutely love; not a bunch of money with nothing to do with it. I can thank my aunt, though, for showing me how unhappy a person can be in their life because they focus their mind on only the negative and never any positive aspects of their lives.

State Laws :: essays research papers

Most legal disputes involving state law are initially decided in the trial courts or by an administrative agency. But after such a decision, an individual may turn to the state’s appeal courts if he or she believes a legal error occurred that harmed the case. In fact, thousands of cases are appealed every year.(1) They include criminal convictions as well as civil cases involving personal injury, contracts, employment, real estate, probate, divorce, child custody and many other issues. Whenever an appellate court reverses a trial court decision, it almost always allows that court to rehear the case using the correct law and procedures. In the vast majority of cases, the decision of a Court of Appeal is final. The state Supreme Court does not review the vast majority of cases – it steps in to resolve new or disputed questions of law as well, as to review death penalty cases. Death penalty cases proceed directly to the Supreme Court, bypassing the lower Court of Appeal. The appellate courts of California consist of the Supreme Court and the Courts of Appeal. The judges who serve on these courts are called appellate justices. There are seven justices on the Supreme Court and 93 justices on the Courts of Appeal. The Courts of Appeal are divided into six geographical districts and hear cases arising within the district. Proceedings in appellate courts are very different from those in trial courts. In trial courts a judge or jury hears the testimony of witnesses and reviews physical evidence, exhibits and documents before deciding a case. Appellate courts do not decide an appeal by taking new evidence or reassessing the credibility of the witnesses who testified in the trial court. Instead, they review the written record to determine if the trial court properly interpreted the law and used the correct procedures when considering the case. The opposing parties submit written documents, called briefs, to assert their position. The parties also participate in oral arguments before the appeal court justices. To ensure that the cases are examined from several perspectives and receive a thorough analysis, each Court of Appeal case is decided by three appeal court justices. All seven justices decide the Supreme Court cases. In both cases, a majority of justices must agree on a decision. All justices are bound to apply the law whether they agree with that law or personally disagree with it.

When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection

The book, when Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit introduces a very intelligent, smart, and social girl Anna, who has a brother named Max, and lives with her mother and father. Her father has many connections to other people since he is a well known Jewish writer; therefore, he knew to move to Switzerland in case Hitler won the elections and took control. Anna does not know how lucky she is to be saved from all the trouble taking place in all of Germany.Going from country to country is hard for any family, and I know it would be hard for me, but Anna showed me that it does not matter what appends as long as we have our family together. When Anna warned her dad about almost being led to the train to Germany, it showed how bright she was. She adapted to the Switzerland lifestyle very quickly. She made many new friends and even the boys wanted to play with her. Instead of being homesick and complaining about wanting to go back, she taught me to make the best of difficult situations and find the p ositive in everything.A few months later she had to move to Paris, France. Moving constantly is something I would hate to do, especially on train, but she kept a positive attitude the whole way. She struggled to speak French and in school, and sometimes she could not do anything about it. Her difficult time are an example that nothing can always go the way you want It to. During the story, there was a problem where one of the beds ended up breaking, and they needed to hire someone to fix It. The person who they hired to fix the bed turned out to be anta- Jewish and rude.Her mother was extremely upset and kicked him out of the house. They decided to move away to England with an uncle. Her mom Is a strong example of letting the negative Influences go away and Instead being with better, positive Influences like family. Father worked hard in his writing Job and It reminds me of my parents and their hard work to support my family. Without the work they do, we would not be able to have wh at we have. Mother also relates to my mom, they both make sure we do well In school and stay focused.Without mother, Anna would not be motivated to continue to try and learn French. When Max and Anna fight, It reminds me of how I do not always get along with my siblings and sometimes we get Into arguments. In the end, the argument never matters. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Is a great book that shows the world through the perspective of a ten year old girl. I related to Anna and her life struggles. Anna and her family stay together through the whole experience, and they find out a way to make their dangerous situation work.This story leads me to believe that everything happens for a reason, and whatever happens, have a positive look to It because everything happens for a reason. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection By lawlessly always go the way you want it to. During the story, there was a problem where one of the beds ended up breaking, and they needed to hire someon e to fix it. The person who they hired to fix the bed turned out to be anti- Jewish and rude. Her mother was England with an uncle.Her mom is a strong example of letting the negative influences go away and instead being with better, positive influences like family. Father worked hard in his writing Job and it reminds me of my parents and their hard what we have. Mother also relates to my mom, they both make sure we do well in to try and learn French. When Max and Anna fight, it reminds me of how I do not always get along with my siblings and sometimes we get into arguments. In the end, the argument never matters. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit is a great book that positive look to it because everything happens for a reason.

Honor Killing

I believe that the murder of Desdemona was an honor killing. Othello thought that Desdemona brought him dishonor and gave him a bad reputation. While Othello was manipulated into murdering Desdemona, he was the one that had the physical choice. Iago constantly agreed with Othello, saying that Othello should kill Desdemona. This influenced Othello’s decision, but it was ultimately Othello that chose why he should or shouldn’t kill Desdemona. His choice was based off of his own reputation. He loved Desdemona, but after one rumor he decided to murder her because of what others would think.He believes â€Å"she must die, else she’ll betray more men† [V, ii, 6] and he later admits that he is â€Å"almost persuade[d] justice to break her sword† [V, ii, 16-17]. He tells Desdemona to â€Å"think on [her] sins†, trying to get her to realize that he would kill her for having an affair [V, ii, 43]. When he thought to kill Cassio, however, he was seeking revenge. He asked Iago, â€Å"how shall I murder him† [IV, i, 136]. It is more contemplated and decided than Desdemona. The contrasts between his thoughts on the two were considerable. Othello’s immediate thought about Cassio was â€Å"kill him† but he was more torn up about Desdemona.When explaining why he killed her to Emilia, he said â€Å"she turn'd to folly, and she was a whore† [V, iii, 146]. He didn’t care to listen to Desdemona. Othello killed her because he thought there was no other way to repair his reputation. He couldn’t live with the shame of an unfaithful wife. It was his honor versus his love, and he chose honor. This turns out to be the main theme of the story. If reputation were not a factor, Desdemona would not be dead. In the end of Othello, reputation trumps all else. Othello killed Desdemona out of shame, making the murder an honor killing.

Free Essays on Group Policy 2003

Windows 2003 Group Policy Group policy management console found in Windows Server 2003 is used to allow administrators to setup configurations for servers and users. Local policy settings can be applied to any computer. For computers on a domain, an administrator can apply the group policy across sites, domains, or organizational units found in Active Directory. Group policy support is found on Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, Microsoft Windows XP Professional, and Microsoft Windows 2003 Server. With Active Directory infrastructure and group policies an administrator can take advantage of policy-based administration to do many things. Allow one or many administrators to manage all users and computers found in the network. Simplify the work of system updates and application installations for the administrator. Constantly keep security settings up to date on the network. Create standard workstation environments for different groups of users. Group policies can be used to create user-related policies as well as security, networking, and many polices found at the local computer level. Group policy is also used in management of domain controllers and member servers. Group policy found in Windows 2003 Server has a new graphical user interface (GUI). This gives the administrator an on screen application used to implement and deploy group policies. Windows 2003 Server adds an additional 200 new policy settings from those found in Windows 2000 Server. There is also additional support for Windows Management Instrumentation filters to control how group polices are applied to computers and users. Administrators are able to manage all the computers in the network centrally through Active Directory and Group Policy. The group policy is used to deliver managed computer environments allowing the administrator to work more proficiently because of the centralized management. Measurement of total ... Free Essays on Group Policy 2003 Free Essays on Group Policy 2003 Windows 2003 Group Policy Group policy management console found in Windows Server 2003 is used to allow administrators to setup configurations for servers and users. Local policy settings can be applied to any computer. For computers on a domain, an administrator can apply the group policy across sites, domains, or organizational units found in Active Directory. Group policy support is found on Microsoft Windows 2000 Server, Microsoft Windows 2000 Professional, Microsoft Windows XP Professional, and Microsoft Windows 2003 Server. With Active Directory infrastructure and group policies an administrator can take advantage of policy-based administration to do many things. Allow one or many administrators to manage all users and computers found in the network. Simplify the work of system updates and application installations for the administrator. Constantly keep security settings up to date on the network. Create standard workstation environments for different groups of users. Group policies can be used to create user-related policies as well as security, networking, and many polices found at the local computer level. Group policy is also used in management of domain controllers and member servers. Group policy found in Windows 2003 Server has a new graphical user interface (GUI). This gives the administrator an on screen application used to implement and deploy group policies. Windows 2003 Server adds an additional 200 new policy settings from those found in Windows 2000 Server. There is also additional support for Windows Management Instrumentation filters to control how group polices are applied to computers and users. Administrators are able to manage all the computers in the network centrally through Active Directory and Group Policy. The group policy is used to deliver managed computer environments allowing the administrator to work more proficiently because of the centralized management. Measurement of total ...

Job Sharing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Job Sharing - Essay Example In this cutthroat competition, job sharing is playing an important role in almost all sorts of businesses. In job sharing, each partner receives the full time benefits. In contrary, there are people who say that job sharing reduces the efficiency of the company as well of its employees. In this paper, we will examine why job sharing is good and what type of benefits the employees can get from it Job sharing permits business to recruit skilled, experienced workers who may not be available for or eager to do full-time work. Job sharing is a good field for both males and females but more precisely for women having kids. They can work as well as look for their family. Job sharing tolerates one position to be filled by two people different but harmonizing knowledge. Without the knowledge it is not possible to go further with the work. There should be the knowledge of related work and the company's objectives. Where job sharers have administrative responsibilities staff may find it demanding or confusing to work for two people. There is a problem that the manager can experience is that there are two people to look for. In addition, some job sharers may feel that they are attaining proportional more than a full-time employee and that they are being insufficiently paid. TheDefinition "Deal in which the responsibilities and hours of one job position are accepted out by two people." The deal contains the agreement about working with the other employee and sharing the benefits and pays. The company must organize workshops in order to provide total knowledge about the job for both the sharers and must provide the total tools required to cover the job. If one of employee wants to leave the job the company must look for another person to follow the job with the one who is working. The work should be done on time with effectiveness and efficiency by both the workers and must take company's objectives as their own. The women can get more benefits in job sharing and can get the required benefits. Even males can get good results with job sharing they can work at two places at a time for better allowance. There must be better allowance for the workers and they should be given more benefits like transport facilities, hospital facilities etc. Chapter No. 2 - Literature Review Introduction Job Sharing is an adaptable work arrangement in which two employees share the responsibility and benefits of one permanent position with another employee. Some employees work few hours in

The Conflict in Ukraine (2014-ongoing) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Conflict in Ukraine (2014-ongoing) - Essay Example The Conflict in Ukraine (2014-ongoing) is the greatest example of where the rule of the people cannot be respected by the running government. The government instead goes to the point compelling the people with the leadership they rejected (Lauren, Viola& Kathleen, 2015). Ukraine came back to full-scale war or conflict is very saddening. The fight begun in the 2014 April and has since raged numerous months to the eventual stage when the separatists and the Ukrainian government came to a ceasefire. The ceasefire has been used to prepare and reigniting of the fight mainly entailed capturing of the Donetsk airport that is a strategic symbol and asset from the government forces. The government troops have pulled out of the town that is the key transport hub as a new truce was established on 12 February in attempts to stage mediation process. The war has placed a cost of close to 5600 lives. The violence has placed up debilitating effects to the country as many civilians have been killed by rockets on the rebel side in the cities like Luhansk and Donetsk. Approximately thirty people were killed in the Maripaul, which is a port city under artillery attack. Rebels have since then besieged main roads and rail hub in areas of Debaltseve, which is the region i n which most Ukrainian military troops have their base. The Ukranian problem is equally shared in various other parts of the globe where poor electoral and leadership have resulted in rebels and mass killings. In the past few months thousands of Bangladesh workers died in one of the greatest workplace safety tragedy in ever recorded in memorable history. Nigeria, Iran, Russia and many other countries close to 80 countries have created a discriminatory environment for the LGBT persons. This case has been created by the design of policies and laws that deny the LGBT their human rights and respect to human dignity. The condition has created a

Virtue Ethics and Adultery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Virtue Ethics and Adultery - Essay Example Ztohoven is a radical stylist who inserted an image of a mushroom cloud into a weather report on an ordinary morning. This act resulted into multiple condemnations, similar to those faced by Orson Welles in the H.G Well’s alien invasion radio play of 1938. Ztohoven’s video caused little panic though; neither did it find its classification as a classic despite making way to You tube. In addition to that, Ztohoven received an award from the National Gallery in Prague for the prank. Despite these accolades, the group was tried before a Czech court for claims of propagation of false information and scaremongering (LaFollette, 2013). By looking at the meteorological manipulation by this group, the author’s question of the responsibility that an artwork commands arises. Certain works are designed to be provocative, thus it is necessary to determine the point at which shock overweighs the intended purpose of an artwork. In addition to that, the relevance of the responsibility should consider the global environment that is full of hip-hop songs (Charry, 2012), movies and repulsive reality shows all which depict the nature of the current world. Chris Byrden, in the year 1970, publicly shot himself in the arm while Vito Acconci openly masturbated under a gallery floor. All this happened as his audience walked above him. The growth of installation and performance of the video art have pushed the levels of sexual content to a rather transgressive territory. This is even more surprising as all through the transformation, the human body has acted as the medium for expressing the changes in the artwork displayed to the public. Furthermore, the author highlights an incident in which Andrea Fraser tapes herself receiving $20,000 for the exchange of sex (Ley, 2012). As if not enough, Karen Finley strips naked before coating herself with chocolate while Santiago Sierra tattoos prostitutes. The question whether the artists are aware of

Business Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business Economics - Essay Example This essay stresses that government policy influences the main circulation of money in the economy. The annual budget shows opportunities and threats for our manufacturing industry. This is because it enables us to know the sectors of the economy that is being encouraged and those areas that are being discouraged. Through this, we can make decisions about how to distribute our scarce resources and also pay our obligations to the state in a way and manner that suits our best interest. Microeconomics is about the elements of demand and supply and it studies trends and patterns in consumer decision-making in a given industry. This paper makes a conclusion that the presence of state-owned firms that have the objective of improving the lives of people implies that our manufacturing company will do quite well in China because we will be up in competition against entities that are not positioned to compete as aggressively as other UK entities around the world. Hence, we have an advantage in China and the propensity to attain better results and achieve better successes than our competitors, the SOEs of China. locating our business in China gives us the chance to get lower operation costs. This is because the costs of doing business in China are low due to the current economic policy which encourages businesses from overseas to set up their operations in China. Hence the knowledge of the Chinese macro-economy and the current economic policy will be a plus for us in dealing with our expansion policy.

The Concept Of Laicite In France

The Concept Of Laicite In France In France laÃÆ' ¯cità © has shaped the relation between religion and the State through enhancing a separation between them. This separation has been possible thanks to the existence of a legislation that has relatively succeeded in drawing the lines for both sides. However, the societal developments have influenced their relations and raised many questions about the States role in the face of the challenges on the ground. And so laÃÆ' ¯cità © in theory has been found to be incompatible with laÃÆ' ¯cità © in practice. How laÃÆ' ¯cità © has been challenged over the past years and how the State has reacted towards the influence of religion are major issues. Therefore, should laÃÆ' ¯cità © accommodate itself in view of the changing facts on the ground? The debate is now whether laÃÆ' ¯cità © is a rigid concept that refuses to change and recognize the role of religion and peoples rights to freedom of belief, or a dynamic concept that embraces multiculturalism and f osters religious groups rights without affecting the neutrality of the State. So this paper will answer the question about whether laÃÆ' ¯cità © is a rigid or a dynamic concept in view of the challenges facing the State. French laÃÆ' ¯cità © is taken as a case study in order to scrutinize to this question. The paper starts with a definition of laÃÆ' ¯cità ©, it traces historical facts about its evolution, highlights the challenges that it has encountered, identifies the new laÃÆ' ¯cità © forms before concluding on its capacity to adapt to societal developments. 2 Definition of LaÃÆ' ¯cità © Quite a good number of researchers tend to use the laÃÆ' ¯cità © and secularization interchangeably in their works about the place of religion and the relation between state and religion. In fact the two terms hold different definitions regarding the connection between religion and state. Though in English the word secularization to describe the relationship between them, the French word laÃÆ' ¯cità © is used also in English to refer to the unique separation between religious institutions and the state. According to Olivier Roy (7-8: 2007) the two terms are dissimilar. On the one hand, secularization is a social phenomenon that does not require a political implementation and is not anti-religious and anti-clerical, and so the place is defined by the people themselves. On the other, laÃÆ' ¯cità © is a political choice that defines the place of religion in an authoritarian, legal manner, and so it is decreed by the state which organizes public space. Roy adds that it is a b ody of laws before being a system of thought (p.17). The term laÃÆ' ¯cità © was first used in the 1870s, as were its counter parts the verb laÃÆ' ¯ciser (to secularise) and the nouns laicisation (the action and the result of laÃÆ' ¯cità ©) and laÃÆ' ¯cisme (the doctrine of laÃÆ' ¯cità ©) (Jansen 476:2006). Moreover, the two terms are contrasted in this way à   la diffà ©rence du processus de sà ©cularisation mouvement qui sinscrit sur une longue durà ©e, la laÃÆ' ¯cità © relà ¨ve plutà ´t dune volontà © de la politique à ©tatique qui dà ©finit a la fois les institutions et une vie sociale conforme à   ses principes(Gà ¶le 77:2005). In this view, secularization is a social process that has evolved over a long period of time, while laÃÆ' ¯cità © entails a political decision on the state level. The historian Jean Bauberot has argued that laÃÆ' ¯cità © was the result of a condition in which the state had to destabilize religious institutions mainly Catholic- to assert its authority and ensure democratic liberties, whereas secularization should be viewed as a cultural transformation that has taken place mostly in countries with a Protestant culture (Caron 115:2007). Blandine Kriegel, president of the High Council for Integration, in an interview published in Le Monde defines laÃÆ' ¯cità © as follows: Tout simplement la neutralità © de lespace public qui permet à   une pluralità © de croyance et à   une multiplicità © de citoyens ayant des croyances diffà ©rentes de vivre ensemble de faà §on tolà ©rantes et respectueuses les uns des autres. 3 Evolution of LaÃÆ' ¯cità © After the Revolution of 1789, one finds two Frances. In one camp, there are those defending the notion of a homeland founded on the Catholic Church and the army, often being anti-Protestant, anti-Jew and anti-freemason; they are conservative, even reactionary, and often monarchist. In the other camp, one finds the defenders of the republican ideals of 1789 founded on Reason (not on Catholicism), freedom, religious tolerance, a strict separation between the public and the private domains (Brulard 176:2002. Moreover, a law that separated the Church from the State and abolished Le Concordat of 1801 was voted by la Chambre in July 1905 and by le Sà ©nat on 9 December 1905. Since then, France has had neither official religion nor a privileged religion (Brudy/Marcon 3:1995). The 1905 law complemented the 1901 law which forbade secular associations from having religious activities (Brulard 177:2002). It is important to point out that this law was not negotiated with the religious institutions since it was a legislative act; it is based on the principle of freedom of conscience; it is the implementation of the principle of laÃÆ' ¯cità ©; and it is however, not a creation of the State, it is fundamentally the realization of a long struggle for the human liberation and the secularization of the society (Scot 54-56: 2005). In order to protect the republican nature of the State, Republicans needed to develop an ideology that could replace Catholic Morality and that would spread the ideal of secular citizenship across the country (Jansen 477:2006). In a report titled Rapport sur la laÃÆ' ¯cità © et lobligation de là ©cole primaire the school is viewed as follows: Là ©cole devra donc à ªtre ce quon appelle en France laÃÆ' ¯que, en Hollande neutre, et dans les pays anglo-amà ©ricain unsectarian. (Journal Officiel de la Rà ©publique franà §aise, du 26 mai 1880) On 28 of March 1882 came the law known as the Ferry Law after the Minister of Public Instruction Jules Ferry, which effectively laicized public education (Fetzer/Soper 70:2005). In fact public education became crucial to prevent people from voting for an authoritarian (Catholic) regime (Jansen 477:2006). In 1946, after the trauma of war and occupation, the principle of laÃÆ' ¯cità © was enshrined in the constitution, and is one of the major characteristics of the republican state: France is an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social republic (Article 2 of the Constitution). In addition, the State does not subsidize the religious institutions according to Article 2 and guarantees freedom of worship according to Article 1. It is also important to mention in this respect that not only did the changes on the ground contribute to the shaping of the idea of secularism; but there were also the French Protestants, for whom, the cause of laÃÆ' ¯cità © was synonymous with that of freedom: their wish was to reconcile religion and freedom (Brulard 177:2002). The Protestants found refuge in laÃÆ' ¯cità © as it is the only guarantee for them as a minority to practice their religion without being discriminated against. As we have seen so far laÃÆ' ¯cità © was used, and is still used, to confront the influence of religion. Olivier Roy says that laÃÆ' ¯cità ©, historically a matter of dispute between the republican state and the Catholic Church is founded on anti-clericalism (18:2007). However, it aimed not to exclude believers but to define a space of neutrality (Roy 21:2007). 4 Challenges Confronting LaÃÆ' ¯cità © Since the 1970s, immigration penetrated the public and political spheres as a social problem of ethnic / cultural relations. From guest-workers, factors of production, immigrants came to be perceived as objects of political controversy defined in terms of citizenship and identity (Inà ¨s 182:2002) The debate about laÃÆ' ¯cità © started in the school. The school system is described as a sanctuary for preserving the French laÃÆ' ¯cità ©. The new diagnoses related to the threats against laÃÆ' ¯cità © emerged in school (Bertossi 17:2006). In 1989, two girls in Creil came to class wearing Muslim scarves. This raised a legal challenge to laÃÆ' ¯cità © as there are no school uniforms in French state schools, and it was unclear whether there was an explicit rule preventing pupils from wearing religious symbols (Laborde 52:2008). Since the republican school was conceived as a microcosm of republican political society: within its walls, children would learn to become citizens, a shared public identity that transcend their local, cultural and religious affiliations (Laborde 49:2008) Consequently, any religious sign is considered as a threat to the particularity of the educational system, which is supposed to be neutral, and of course a threat to the ideals of the Republic . The legislation of 15 of March 2004 reversed the 1905 approach to laÃÆ' ¯cità ©; instead of being an abstract principle of State neutrality. It was converted into an identity principle; instead of being exceptional cases of proselytism, according to the 1989 State Councils decision, the interdiction became the common law (Bertossi 19:2006). As a result of this law, laÃÆ' ¯cità © is no longer a matter of the place of religion and its relationship with the State, but rather it is a matter of the French identity (17:2006). This has shifted the discussion about laÃÆ' ¯cità © from its being discriminating against religious minorities to a national issue that concerns every French. 4. 1 The Challenge of Multiculturalism In France multiculturalism is looked down upon because it is perceived to reinforce particularist and divisive identities that threaten the unified French identity. It is believed that associating laÃÆ' ¯cità © with multiculturalism and the recognition of identità ©s collectives is the emphasis of the religious identities, and this emphasis will lead to the fragmentation of the society and pose a threat to liberty since the radical religious people will keep making more pressure (Cohen 5:2007). In the French approach towards the cultural diversity, individuals are to adhere to the body of the nation; they have to adhere to the national values. This model is often referred to as assimilationist because it does not admit the others difference of cultural particularism (Inà ¨s 183:2002). In the 1970s, the concept of assimilation was challenged because it was found that the State did not have the right to erase the regional or ethnic differences. As a result, the term integration was introduced to refer to an open process in which the fundamental values of French society have to be preserved, but without incurring total renunciation of the immigrants original culture(Inà ¨s 183;2002). The efficiency of integration measures is somewhat doubtful, as politicians on the Left and on the Right keep advocating policies which are contradictory: integrating on the one hand and control on the other (183: 2002). Since laÃÆ' ¯cità © has been also associated with the national identity as I have mentioned earlier, it is endangered since there some minorities which have debated the national history and all the controversial issues during the period of the French colonization. Some of these cultural minorities which come from French-colonized countries raise other issues besides the one related to religion. And so, multiculturalism in this context is seen as a threat to the universal values of Enlightenment that was at the basis of all the advancement in France (Cohen 7:2007). 4.2 The Challenge of Religious Groups The diversity inside the religious groups brings up the issue of the contradiction between the States position based on the constitution which requires it to intervene in the religious matters lordre privà ©, and the right of the small religious groups to equality (Cohen 4:2007). For instance, in Islam women are not considered as equal to men, however, men and women are equal according to the French values. Therefore, should the State intervene in matters pertaining to internal religious issues? If the State is to be involved directly in such sensitive issues for a reason or another, the social pressure is building up to push the State to impose equality between men and women (Cohen 4:2007). Moreover, the problem of the sects in France comes to the surface whenever the debate about laÃÆ' ¯cità © starts, even when the attention is, as it the case most of the time, directed to Islam as an issue of controversy. The sects are weighed in the same manner like the radical and dangerous groups which tend to be violent. The challenge is that the as long as the sects do not resemble any of the known monotheistic religions or Buddhism or Hinduism, they remain unrecognized by the State (Gà ¶le 3: 2005). Therefore, the question is whether the State should intervene on one side to ensure that equality is granted to all religious groups and on the other, to control the groups classified as dangerous (like the sects and the extremist groups). When these two conflicting issues are addressed to the State in order to resolve them, it is confronted with the Law of 1905, separation between the State and the Church and the neutrality of the State in regard to internal religious affairs ( Cohen 2:2007). In other words Olivier Roy adds that the phenomenon of sects is troubling to the French society, and the temptation to legislate against them is as strong as in the case of Islam (Roy 6: 2007). The challenge is to give a place to religions in the public domain without running the risk of any of them becoming hegemonic and recovering their institutional authority on individuals conscience. While the conception of laÃÆ' ¯cità © confines religion to the private domain, the headscarf affair raised the issue of social dimension of religion and demonstrated that religion and the surrounding society are far more intricately interrelated (Inà ¨s 186: 2002). In the light of the ongoing changes in the demographic texture in the French society, changes linked to the growing influence of religious minorities on the one hand on their own members and on the other, on the State itself, which should be neutral towards religion. Since the sects are gaining a place in France, the State is in a position of either legislating laws against them or accommodating them within the French society. But the question is who is to be recognized, so some criteria are developed to legalize the sects. Again the State is facing the challenge of deciding which sect can be considered as eligible for its respect global de lordre public (Cohen 3:2007). Besides, the debate goes even further in relation to religion. Which religion is defined as a religion by the State? To this end, the State has to include or exclude some religious groups. In both cases, it risks losing its impartiality, a value enshrined by the constitution. To expound the previous point, the secular State has no competence when it comes to assessing the validity of doctrine. In the case of the Church of Scientology in 1997, the ruling of the court was based on the fact that freedom of belief is one of the fundamental elements of French public liberties expressed in Article of the 1789 Declaration of Human and Citizens Rights and that article 1 of the Separation Law ensures freedom of conscience and beliefs subject to observance of public order, and considering article 9 of the European Convention recognizing religious freedom for all persons. (Proeschel 14: 2008). The ruling stated that there is thus no point in wondering whether the Church of Scientology constitutes a sect or a religion, as freedom of belief is absolute, that to the extent a religion can be defined by coincidence of two elements, an objective element, the existence of a community, even a small one, and a subjective element shared faith, the Church of Scientology can cl aim the title of a religion and develop its activities in all freedom, within the framework of the existing laws, including its missionary activities, or even those of proselytism (Proeschel 14:2007). The Commission Stasi published a report on 11 of December 2003 in which it recommended the interdiction of religious signs in public schools as well as the fight against urban and social discrimination against racism and anti-Semitism, the appointment of Muslim chaplain in public institutions such as hospitals, prisons and the military and the creation of new public holidays. Only the first recommendation was finally implemented with 15 March 2004 and became a law. Yet, this law has been criticized over the compatibility of such ban with European Convention on Human Rights. In their turn official republicans point out to a number of decisions by the European Court of Human Rights which have recognized that a state like Turkey which is the only other laÃÆ' ¯que state in Europe may have a legitimate interest in preserving a secular public sphere (Laborde 59: 2008). Furthermore, the French State reacted towards the growing challenge of Islam by setting up a committee at the initiative of the Ministry of the Interior and Religions and chaired by Jean-Pierre Machelon who made a report in 2006. He came up with a plan to enable local authorities to make direct grants for construction of buildings for religious purposes within their boundaries (Proeschel 11:2008). Given the challenges facing the State, new laÃÆ' ¯cità © politics developed around two main issues. On the one hand, it focused on the so-called fight against collective ethnic and religious identities, what is referred to as communautarisme. On the other, counter- arguments emphasized the anti-discrimination agenda and used notions such as Islamophobia to describe the new context. The issue of gender equality appeared at the intersection of both lines of this debate (Bertossi 17:2006) In a report for the United Nations Commission on Human Rights titled Civil and Political Rights, Including the Question of Religious Intolerance submitted in 2005 by Asma Jahangir, Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion and Belief, the Special Rapporteur has observed that the government may have contributed to a climate of general suspicion and intolerance towards those communities on the list created by the National Assembly in 1996, of movements and groups classified as sects (109). And the report adds [a] number of improvements à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦remain to be carried out to ensure that the right to freedom of religion or belief of all individuals is guaranteed (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) (110). And in paragraph 97 in the report, the Special Rapportuer à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦considers that a thorough assessment of [laÃÆ' ¯cità ©s] application in the present context of religious pluralism is a necessary process in democratic society based on the rule of the law. 5 Forms of LaÃÆ' ¯cità ©s As a result of the controversies about laÃÆ' ¯cità © and the changes that have taken place in the French society; flow of immigrants with different cultural heritages and religions. The French State has found itself in a position where it needs to make decisions and respond to the rights of the religious groups. Two types of laÃÆ' ¯cità © have developed throughout past years; the soft laÃÆ' ¯cità © and the strict laÃÆ' ¯cità ©. The dichotomies between the two show the degree to which laÃÆ' ¯cità © is being challenged in the French society. Many of the supporters of soft laÃÆ' ¯cità © accuse the proponents of the strict form of trying to make secularist laÃÆ' ¯cità © the state religion in France (Fetzer/Soper 74:2005). In fact, Olivier Roy says that laÃÆ' ¯cità © is moving towards becoming a dogma (22:2007). A few defenders of soft laÃÆ' ¯cità © also lament that the strict version tends to sterilize the society of all cultural diversity and to strip public school students of all individuality (Fetzer/Soper 75:2005). In her book Critical Republicanism The Hijab Controversy and Political Philosophy, Cecile Laborde exposes the ongoing debate about laÃÆ' ¯cità © and identifies two versions of tolerant republican laÃÆ' ¯cità © towards the case for allowing religious signs in the schools. The first version, secular laÃÆ' ¯cità ©, it might be an appealing ideal, but on no plausible interpretation does it mandate that school childrens right to wear religious clothing be restricted. The second version of tolerant republican challenge goes further, and casts doubts on the laÃÆ' ¯que ideal itself (80:2008). She also adds in her criticism of the tolerant laÃÆ' ¯cità © the following: As separation is no more than a historical myth, and the French public sphere is far from neutral in the laÃÆ' ¯que sense, contextual fairness demands that privileges historically granted to Catholics be extended to minority religions such as Islam. Tolerant republicanism, therefore, substitutes pragmatic even-handedness between religious groups to abstentionist neutrality, and allows for the recognition of collective religious identities in the public sphere (80:2008). In addition to the two versions of tolerant republican laÃÆ' ¯cità ©, comes official republican ideal of laÃÆ' ¯cità ©, according to which, republican equality is best promoted through maintenance of secular nature of public sphere and non-interference by the state in religious matters. Finally, critical republicans in contrast to both official and tolerant republicans explicitly confront this complex question and believe that answering it would go a long way towards addressing the legitimate grievances of Muslims in relation to the existing practices of European State (Laborde 89:2008). Critical republicans tend to be fairly tolerant of the religious expression of ordinary citizens, but they adopt a less tolerant stance towards display of religious allegiance or support by the state institutions (86:2008). All in all, there are three attitudes that can be defined in relation to laÃÆ' ¯cità ©. Some, advocating an open laÃÆ' ¯cità © , are concerned with the free exercise of religion, but are also tempered by a revision of the 1905 law. Those favoring a laÃÆ' ¯cità © in movement are sensitive to social and religious change, but remain faithful to the history of the secular ideal. Finally, the more militant laics defend the French republican model by denouncing the dangers of communautarisme and calling for the strengthening of the 1905 law (Caron 117: 2007). 6 Conclusion In the light of the societal developments in the French society, laÃÆ' ¯cità © has encountered great challenges stemming mainly from the claims by the cultural and religious minorities. These minorities, and in particular, Muslims, have simply demanded that their rights to freedom of belief and expression be guaranteed by laÃÆ' ¯cità ©, but instead of granting them their rights, they have been confined to more restrictions in expressing these rights. Ironically, their requests have been estimated to be a threat to laÃÆ' ¯cità © and, of course, to the national identity. There is no doubt that laÃÆ' ¯cità © has evolved over the past years; an open form has come to existence as a result of the stagnation in the process of recognizing the religious groups rights More than one hundred years has passed since the 1905 Law, and the sects and other religious groups are still seeking the States recognition. Though laÃÆ' ¯cità © requires the State to be neutral in matters of religion as they belong to the private domain (lordre privà ©), it has practically failed to curb the States intervention in the internal affairs of the religious groups. Ingemund Hagg says in a paper presented in 2005 in Bulgaria that là ©tat laÃÆ' ¯que is an ideal but 100 years of French history shows that it is difficult to obtain, it has to develop in steps, and within new steps in accordance with societal development in each particular country Consequently, the fact that laicite is not perceived in the same way by its proponents; some believe that it is the only guarantee for freedom of belief and that the State instead of being neutral is abusing the rights of religious minorities under the pretext of protecting laÃÆ' ¯cità © itself. Therefore, laÃÆ' ¯cità © does not, as Claude Proeschel says in the end of her article French LaÃÆ' ¯cità © Confronted with New Challenges involve ignoring religious facts. It requires not mere tolerance on the part of the State, but active organization(15:2007). In that sense, it does embrace differences, but its implementation by the State that renders it rigid. As a result, laÃÆ' ¯cità © as a concept is rigid given the States practices towards the religious groups, but again it is dynamic regarding the controversies about it; different trends of laÃÆ' ¯cità © soft or open. Therefore, in theory, it is dynamic, but in practice, it is rigid. No. of Characters is 23 282.

Equal Partnership Rights for America :: Gay Marriage Essays

Equal Partnership Rights for America The president has often indicated that he would support a constitutional amendment against gay marriages. The Supreme Court has not yet seen a case dealing with marriage rights of homosexuals, and therefore the constitutionality of laws banning gay marriage have not yet come into question. Homosexuals would argue that they are seeking marriage rights equal with that of heterosexual marriage under the eyes of the law. Some people feel very strongly about this issue and see support for gay marriage as a governmental intrusion on a religious practice. Others see no correlation between mandates on marriages and religious freedoms. All opinions aside, this is an issue that the public simply isn’t very well informed about because there are other issues that have been seen as much more important, because they affect a greater amount of people. Despite other issues being in the public’s attention, the problems aroused by the prospect of gay marriage will soon make their presence known. The forefathers of our country inserted a clause into the Constitution known as the â€Å"full faith and credit† clause. Said clause (Article IV, Section 1, United States Constitution) insures that â€Å"full faith and credit† be given to the laws and judicial proceedings of all the states by all other states. That is, if a contract is signed in Arizona, one cannot simply move to Texas and the contract become null and void. The reason this clause can be a problem for those opposed to gay marriages is that some states are pushing to legalize or have legalized same-sex marriages or civil unions. The reason the national government cannot simply declare gay marriage illegal and thereby prevent the states from legalizing it is: 1. No authority is given to the national government (legislative branch) to make such a law; and 2. The legislation would likely not pass in the house and the senate. If any state were to pass a law declaring same-sex marriage legal in that state, all other states would have to recognize the legality of that contract and the rights that went along with it. So thousands of homosexuals would flock to that state (be it Hawaii, or Vermont) to be married, then be legally married everywhere in the United States.

Blue White Selection

Blue white selection  is a widely used method in screening recombinants in cloning. This is based on the gene product of lac z gene. The plasmid vectors contain this gene which produces  ? galactosidase  enzyme. When a gene is inserted close to  lac z gene, the reading frame will be distorted and the gene is inactivated. So the transformed cells will not produce this enzyme and are called competent cells. After the recombination, the bacterial cells are grown in a medium containing X gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-indolyl-? D-galactopyranoside) and  IPTG (Isopropyl ? -D-1-thiogalactopyranoside). IPTG acts as the inducer for lac z gene and enhance the production of ? galactosidase. When it is produced, combines with X gal to form a blue colour complex called  5,5†²-dibromo-4,4†²-dichloro-indigo  which is insoluble. The transformed colonies will appear white in colour and non- transformed cells will appear blue in colour. This method is also called as insertional inactiv ation of lac z gene. Hybridization  techniques are widely used to identify recombinants.This is based on the ability of nucleic acids hybridize with complementary DNA. The transformed cells are transferred on to a  nitrocellulose membrane  which is subjected to cell lysis. The double stranded DNA is converted to single stranded DNA and immobilized on the membrane. Then it is treated with radiolabelled  probes  complementary to target DNA. If the desired DNA is present, the probes will be hybridized which can be detected by autoradiography. Apart from these methods,  immunochemical methods  are used to detect protein products to screen recombinants.

Hank Kolb Case

HANK KOLB CASE ANALYSIS The following are the problems that Kolb’s production line has to address: 1. Personnel – the operator of the filling equipment is not suitable for the job because of lack of knowledge and proper training 2. The filling equipment – the machine is not particularly designed for filling the Greasex cans. It was originally made for other purpose. 3. Maintenance – there is no definite schedule of preventive maintenance for the filling equipment. 4. Purchasing – agents from purchasing have not yet finalized on a supplier that has non-defective nozzle to fit on the nozzle heads 5. Product design and packaging – the contoured shape of the can is perceived to be catchy by the designers because of its easier to be gripped feature. But Kolb sees the shape as problem for filling 6. The manufacturing manager – despite the favorable production quota from Simmons, have some issues for cost improvements and reduced delivery times that Kolb has to re-consider before filling in Simmons for promotion 7. The marketing – the introduction of Greasex was rushed to market even if the product is still a bit off-spec Suggestions: Using the Six-Sigma Analysis, Kolb should solve the major problems of his production line using the DMAIC as recommended below: 1. Define (D) ?Identify customers and their priorities. ?Identify a project suitable for Six-Sigma efforts based on business objectives as well as customer needs and feedback. ?Identify the CTQs (critical-to-quality characteristics) that the customer considers to have the most impact on quality. Kolb should have in mind already the safety of the products to customers, not just target unit sales. Being the new Director of Quality Assurance, he must look closely to the process and implement improvement to which the steps are causing trouble or maybe eliminate or change what is causing the trouble. It is also important that he has an active list of customer feedbacks that he would refer to every time he tries to improve his processes. 2. Measure (M) ? Determine the measure the process and how it is performing. ? Identify the key internal process that influence the CTQs and measure the defects currently generated relative to those processes. Kolb can use the three tools i. . Run Charts, Pareto Charts and Checksheets to measure the process and defects that are found (usually in in type and number of customer complaints). After seeing the influencing factors and types of defects, he will be able to decide whether replace or improve these influencing factors. 3. Analyze (A) ? Determine the most likely causes of defects. ? Understand why defects are generated by identifying the key variables that are not likely to create process variation. Kolb can make use of the Fishbone Chart to analyze the causes of the problems in his line of work. The first cause of defect in his production line is the filling equipment because the machine is not originally designed for its current process. Kolb has to decide whether to continue using it or to replace it with equipment specialized for a specific activity which is filling the bottles. The personnel is also one reason for defects because of insufficient knowledge in his line of job. The purchasing department also caused defects because they acquired defective nozzles on a supplier just to keep up with the orders. 4. Improve (I) ? Identify means to remove the causes of defects. Confirm the key variables and quantify their defects on the CTQs. ? Identify the maximum acceptance ranges of the key variables and a system for measuring deviations of the variables. The Opportunity Flow diagram will be useful for Kolb in this step. To address his problem with the personnel, he can send the person for a formal training and testing. Or he can replace the personnel with a more qualified ind ividual. He may also replace the filling equipment which is the main cause of the defect – which exceeds the pressure of the cans. He also has a lot to discuss with the packaging, purchasing and marketing departments on many issues with the product. 5. Control (C) ? Determine how to maintain the improvements. ? Put tools in place to ensure that the key variables remain within the maximum acceptance ranges under the modified process. Kolb will have a difficult time to improve the processes in the production line but quality of the product should not be taken for granted. Once the improvements are implemented, he should still have a regular schedule of maintenance of at least once a month to ensure all equipments and processes are checked.